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Nhân Văn–Giai Phẩm affair
The ''Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm'' affair (Vietnamese ''Phong Trào Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm'') was a cultural-political movement in North Vietnam in the late 1950s.〔Patricia M. Pelley ''Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past '' Page 253 2002 "... in the dissident Nhân văn–Giai phẩm Affair, Phan Khôi's involvement with the Research Committee was exceedingly brief."〕〔Thu-Hương Nguyễn-Võ ''The Ironies of Freedom: Sex, Culture, and Neoliberal Governance in Vietnam.'' (9780295988504) - Page 68 2008 "..and from 1956 to 1958 with cultural opposition in the form of the ill-fated Nhân Văn–Giai Phẩm movement ..."〕 Two periodicals were established during that time, ''Nhân Văn'' journal and ''Giai Phẩm'' journal, and many issues of which were published demanding freedom of speech, creativity and human rights. Following a loosening of political restrictions with some similarities to the Chinese Hundred Flowers Campaign, there was a hardening of attitudes. After those two major journals were closed down, their political associates imprisoned or reeducated. Moreover, the agenda of ''Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm'' was linked to "reactionary" political projects by North Vietnamese government.
== Historical Contexts ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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